My knowledge of what it takes to be an einstein is limited to ashkenazi genetics and knowing that areas on his brain fused together. Did this occur to use or neurodevelopment ? Ashkenazi jews are predicited to suffer from high degrees of CNS illness due to neuroimmune related mutations of glycolipids. This abnormal lipid uptake is related to abnormal dendrite growth and so an increased capacity for dendrite density. The mutations lead to a big factor in higher IQ.
http://www.economist.com/science/displayst...tory_id=4032638What a weird co-incidence i've cited two articles from the economist here. Apart from those i rarely read this rag. Anyway there are other IQ biological factors such as those involved in the cellular energy aspects (mtDNA related)..but what use are these if the increased cellular energy cannot be protected by a match in lipid uptake. Also consider this. The Ashkenazi Jewish race is almost Unique in that it can only be determined maternally through mtDNA. Ashkenazi men are more related to men outside their own gene pool than each other.
Some people say Einstein was a high function aspergers. Which is a good indicator of right brain dominance anyway. Dont you think the way Einstein interacts with his environment is quite creative. Whatever came up he just kind of rolled with that and dealt with it creatively ? i'm no expert on einstein and i always struggled to barely grasp Physics. Has he been folk heroed ? Just from what i read here and there he doesnt appear to be motivated by anything but a search for figuring out whats what.
In regards to the first question. Recently i completed a meta analysis of the last three decades of brain chemistry in reference to neurotransmitter distribution. That was a lot. Basically whenever research is done to uncover clear scientific data on neurotransmitter receptor distribution, the results are clear ..or that is they only get usable in scientific terms for the left hemisphere.
I have plenty of evidence for this, which is subject the the usual problems when trying to collate previously unrelated studies. This non linear distribution applies to Gaba/glutamate ionics and the primary co-modulators serotonin and dopamine. However i'm re-drafting this as i'm not sure that primary co-modulation should be reduced to just those two. There is an excellent paper i referenced which reviews serotonin receptors in the right hemisphere. I've not got it to hand here. Although these receptors proliferate in quite a varitey of non definable types. The reviewers conclusion is that there was an overall scheme to how the different subtypes came together for an organisms current purpose.
I would liken this to the way in which a lead instrumentalist has a variety of techniques and riffs he messes around to figure out then brings together ad-hoc to express himself at moments of peak creativity.
Later ...
Sprinkle
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Sprinkle are you trying to say...
1) Ashkinazi Jews (AJs) are more intelligent, statistically, than non-AJs as evidenced by: a) Winning Nobel Prizes

IQ tests c) an increased incidence of alleles that promote intelligence 2) Intelligence has a genetic component 3) The genetic component accounts for differences in intelligence between AJs and non-AJs 4) This is because of genetic selection that occurred during the middle ages in Europe.
I take clear issue with 1)a) in that intelligence is not the best correlator with winning a Nobel prize. Being selected by the Nobel comittee is. There are large access barriers to winning a Nobel prize that have nothing to do with intelligence. A girl born to farmers in Zambia, for example, has no realistic chance of winning a Nobel prize, in spite of what her intelligence may be. A backround of being born in a country that subsidizes scientific research is essential, as is being born into a culture within than nation that values scientific work. Just like the children of doctors are more likely to be doctors, the children of scientists are more likely to be scientists. It helps to have money as well, since being sent to a nice university where cutting edge research is being done by top faculty gives one an obvious boost.
So, if you're going to win a Nobel prize, it helps to live in a first world country, come from a family that values science and education and had a little money.
Well, guess where the Jews in the US came from? They were disproportionately the upper intellectual and financial class Jews of Europe that came here fleeing persecution at home (Einstein, anyone?). The Jews that were tailors and shoemakers were largely kept out my anti-semitic immigration laws, and a great many died in the 1940s.
So, Jews in the US came from a background that is disproportionately moneyed an intellectual, both cultural factors that would have a profound effect on winning Nobel prizes. It's quite a confounder, but this class-selecting effect of immigration laws is completely ignored in your assertion, as are any factors that might influence winning a Nobel prize other than intelligence.
In short, Nobel prizes are a bad example.
Insofar as 1)

is concerned, the IQ test was developed initially as a means of identifying children with educational difficulties that might need special attention. In terms of measuring superior performance, the test is much more controversial, and the IQ tests most commonly administered in public schools as part of mass screenings are meant to locate underperformers for remedial education, not overperformers, and are not best utilized as such.
1)c) I am not aware of any functionally significant contribution to intellgence by the disease alleles you mention. I was not able to locate papers on pubmed discussing such correlations using the mesh terms for each of the diseases and their alleles cross-matched with intelligence. All 16 papers produced focused on the intelligence limitations of homozygotes. The paper by Gryfe, et al. discusses the possible need for screening for APC genes in AJs, not the relation of those genes to intelligence. Looking for the reference to Peretz, et al., I found one that had a Peretz H. in the authors list with the following conclusions in the abstract:
These findings suggest that the Gaucher, connexin 26, and familial Mediterranean fever mutations are over 2000 yr old, that the cystic fibrosis 3849 + 10kb C->T and factor XI type III mutations had a common origin in Ashkenazi and Roman Jews, and that other mutations prevalent among Ashkenazi Jews are of more recent origin.
It therefore becomes harder to conclude, as your paper later does, that at least these genes arose as intelligence adaptations during the middle ages, although some must have arisen during that time.
The Peretz paper you site concerning Factor XI deficiency does not mention a role in intelligence, the title of the paper being "The two common mutations causing factor XI deficiency in Jews stem from distinct founders: one of ancient Middle Eastern origin and another of more recent European origin."
If you have an argument for point 3), then, you have only a circumstantial one and cannot point to specific intelligence alleles, or rule out a cultural basis, at least not with the information that you provide here.
Point 4) is controversial, as a few hundred years is too small a time period for evolutionary pressure to change a human population as large as the AJs, and you dismiss the founder effect rather carelessly.