Paleolithic - shamanic - non-authoritarian - hunter/gatherer.

Neolithic - polytheistic - authoritarian - agricultural.

Earth-centered Cosmos - theistic - monarchial/theocratic (hierarchical) - urban.

Sun-centered Cosmos - montheistic - divine rights of kings - colonialism & imperialism.

Mechanistic universe - deist or atheist - democracy, capitalism, communism - industrial/technological.

Relativistic universe - Modernism - cybernocacy - post-industrial (electronic).

Quantum universe - ?

Clearly the Ptolemaic universe mirrors theocentric & monarchic structures. The Newtownian/cartesian/mechanical universe mirrors rationalistic social assumptions, which in turn underlie nationalism, capitalism, communism, etc. As for relativity Theory, it has only recently begun to reflect, or be reflected by, certain social realities. But these relations are still obscure, embedded in multinational conspiricies, the metaphysics of modern banking, international terrorism & various newly emergent telecommunications-based technologies.

Which comes first, scientific paradigm or social structure?

The relationship between them is real, but acts in a manner infinitely more complex than mere cause & effect, or even warp & weft.

Quantum Theory has been seen as a vindication of certain 'oriental philosophies'.